[Title] Environmental and Social Framework:Environmental and Social Exclusion List
Environmental and Social Exclusion List
The Bank will not knowingly finance Projects involving the following:
(i)Forced labor*i* or harmful or exploitative forms of child labor;*ii*
(ii)The production of, or trade in, any product or activity deemed illegal under national laws or regulations of the country in which the Project is located, or international conventions and agreements, or subject to international phase out or bans, such as:
Production of, or trade in, products containing polychlorinated biphenyl (PCBs).*iii*
Production of, or trade in, pharmaceuticals, pesticides/herbicides and other hazardous substances subject to international phase-outs or bans (Rotterdam Convention, Stockholm Convention).*iv*
Production of, or trade in, ozone depleting substances subject to international phase out (Montreal Protocol).*v*
(iii)Trade in wildlife or production of, or trade in, wildlife products regulated under the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES).*vi*
(iv)Trans-boundary movements of waste prohibited under international law (Basel Convention).*vii*
(v)Production of, or trade in, weapons and munitions, including paramilitary materials. (vi)Production of, or trade in, alcoholic beverages, excluding beer and wine.*viii*
(vii)Production of, or trade in, tobacco.*ix*
(viii) Gambling, casinos and equivalent enterprises.*x*
(ix) Production of, trade in, or use of unbonded asbestos fibers.*xi*
(x) Activities prohibited by legislation of the country in which the Project is located or by international conventions relating to the protection of biodiversity resources or cultural resources, such as, Bonn Convention, Ramsar Convention, World Heritage Convention and Convention on Biological Diversity.*xii*
(xi) Commercial logging operations or the purchase of logging equipment for use in primary tropical moist forests or old-growth forests.
(xii) Production or trade in wood or other forestry products other than from sustainably managed forests.
(xiii) Marine and coastal fishing practices, such as large-scale pelagic drift net fishing and fine mesh net fishing, harmful to vulnerable and protected species in large numbers and damaging to marine biodiversity and habitats.
(xiv) Shipment of oil or other hazardous substances in tankers that do not comply with IMO requirements (IMO, MARPOL, SOLAS and Paris MOU).*xiii*
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Glossary
Biodiversity is the variability among living organisms from all sources including, among others, terrestrial, marine and other aquatic ecosystems and the ecological complexes of which they are a part; this includes diversity within species, between species, and of ecosystems.
Chance find procedures refer to measures to address archaeological material encountered unexpectedly during Project construction or operation. A chance find procedure is a Project-specific procedure which will be followed if previously unknown cultural resources are encountered during Project activities. Such procedure generally includes a requirement to notify relevant authorities of found objects or sites by cultural resources experts; to close off the area of finds or sites to avoid further disturbance; to conduct an assessment of found objects or sites by cultural resources experts; to identify and implement actions consistent with the requirements of ESS 1 and national law; and to train Project workers on chance find procedures.
Collective attachment means that for generations there has been a physical presence in, and economic ties to, land and territories traditionally owned, or customarily used or occupied, by the group concerned, including areas that hold special significance for it, such as sacred sites.
Cost-effectiveness is determined according to the capital and operational cost and financial benefits of the measure considered over the life of the measure.
Critical habitat is defined as areas with high importance for biodiversity, including: (a) highly threatened or unique ecosystems; (b) habitat important to Critically Endangered or Endangered species, as listed on the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List of threatened species or under national law; (c) habitat important to endemic or restricted-ranges species; (d) habitat supporting globally or nationally significant concentrations of migratory or congregatory species; or (e) ecological functions or characteristics that are needed to maintaining the viability of the biodiversity features described above in (a) to (d).
Cultural resources include movable or immovable objects, sites, structures, groups of structures, and natural features and landscapes that have archaeological, paleontological, historical, architectural, religious, aesthetic, or other cultural significance. Cultural resources may be located in urban or rural settings, and may be above or below ground, or under water. Their cultural interest may be at the local, provincial or national level, or within the international community.
Ecosystem services are the benefits that people derive from ecosystems. Ecosystem services are organized into four types: (a) provisioning services, which are the products people obtain from ecosystems and which may include food, freshwater, timbers, fibers, medicinal plants; (b) regulating services, which are the benefits people obtain from the regulation of ecosystem processes and which may include surface water purification, carbon storage and sequestration, climate regulation, protection from natural hazards; (c) cultural services, which are the nonmaterial benefits people obtain from ecosystems and which may include natural areas that are sacred sites and areas of importance for recreation and aesthetic enjoyment; and (d) supporting services, which are the natural processes that maintain the other services and which may include soil formation, nutrient cycling and primary production.
Environmental and social impact assessment (ESIA) is an instrument to identify and assess the potential environmental and social impacts of a proposed Project, evaluate alternatives, and design appropriate mitigation, management, and monitoring measures. Projects and subprojects need ESIA to address important issues not covered by any applicable regional or sectoral assessment.
Environmental and social management plan (ESMP) is an instrument that details (a) the measures to be taken during the implementation and operation of a Project to eliminate or offset adverse environmental and social impacts, or to reduce them to acceptable levels; and (b) the actions needed to implement these measures.
Environmental and social management planning framework (ESMPF) is an instrument that examines the issues and impacts associated in the circumstances described in Section F. The ESMPF sets out the principles, rules, guidelines and procedures to assess the environmental and social impacts. It contains measures and plans to reduce, mitigate and/or offset adverse impacts and enhance positive impacts, provisions for estimating and budgeting the costs of such measures, and information on the agency or agencies responsible for addressing Project impacts.
Environmental audit is an instrument to determine the nature and extent of all environmental areas of concern at an existing facility. The audit identifies and justifies appropriate measures to mitigate the areas of concern, estimates the cost of the measures, and recommends a schedule for implementing them.
Environmental, Health, and Safety Guidelines (EHSGs) are technical reference documents with general and industry-specific statements of Good International Industry Practice. The EHSGs contain the performance levels and measures that are generally considered to be achievable in new facilities by existing technology at reasonable cost. For complete reference, consult the World Bank Group Environmental, Health, and Safety Guidelines.
Financial feasibility is based on relevant financial considerations, including relative magnitude of the incremental cost of adopting such measures and actions compared to the Project’s investment, operating, and maintenance costs, and on whether this incremental cost could make the Project nonviable for the Client.
Forced eviction is defined as the permanent or temporary removal, against the will of individuals, families and/or communities, from homes or land (or both) which they occupy, without the provision of, or access to, appropriate forms of legal or other protection. The exercise of eminent domain, compulsory acquisition or similar powers, is not considered to be forced eviction, providing it complies with the requirements of national law, and is conducted in a manner consistent with basic principles of due process (including provision of adequate advance notice, meaningful opportunities to lodge grievances and appeal, and avoidance of the use of unnecessary, disproportionate or excessive force).
Good international practice is defined as the exercise of professional skill, diligence, prudence, and foresight that would reasonably be expected from skilled and experienced professionals engaged in the same type of undertaking under the same or similar circumstances globally or regionally. The outcome of such exercise should be that the Project employs the most appropriate technologies in the Project-specific circumstances.
Green Growth is growth that is efficient in its use of natural resources, clean in that it minimizes pollution and environmental impacts, and resilient in that it accounts for natural hazards and the role of environmental management and natural capital in preventing physical disasters.
Habitat is defined as a terrestrial, freshwater, or marine geographical unit or airway that supports assemblages of living organisms and their interactions with the non-living environment. Habitats vary in their sensitivity to impacts and in the various values society attributes to them.
Hazard assessment is an instrument for identifying, analyzing, and controlling hazards associated with the presence of dangerous materials and conditions at a Project site. such as certain inflammable, explosive, reactive, and toxic materials when they are present at a site in quantities above a specified threshold level.
Inclusion means empowering people to participate in, and benefit from, the development process in a manner consistent with local conditions. Inclusion encompasses policies to promote equity of opportunity and non-discrimination, by improving the access of poor, disadvantaged and disabled people to education, health, social protection, housing, environmental quality, infrastructure, affordable energy, water and sanitation, employment, financial services and productive assets. It also embraces action to remove barriers against vulnerable groups, who are often excluded from the development process, and to ensure that their voices can be heard.
Integrated Pest Management (IPM) refers to a mix of farmer-driven, ecologically-based pest control practices that seeks to reduce reliance on synthetic chemical pesticides. It involves (a) managing pests (keeping them below economically damaging levels) rather than seeking to eradicate them; (b) integrating multiple methods (relying, to the extent possible, on nonchemical measures) to keep pest populations low; and (c) selecting and applying pesticides, when they have to be used, in a way that minimizes adverse effects on beneficial organisms, humans, and the environment.
Integrated Vector Management (IVM) is a rational decision-making process for the optimal use of resources for vector control. The approach seeks to improve the efficacy, cost-effectiveness, ecological soundness and sustainability of disease-vector control.
Involuntary Resettlement covers physical displacement (relocation, loss of residential land or loss of shelter) and economic displacement (loss of land or access to land loss of assets or access to assets, income sources or means of livelihood) as a result of: (a) involuntary acquisition of land; or (b) involuntary restrictions on land use or on access to legally designated parks and protected areas. It covers such displacement whether such losses and involuntary restrictions are full or partial, permanent or temporary.
Invasive species is defined as a species that is (a) non-native (or alien) to the ecosystem under consideration; and (b) whose introduction causes or is likely to cause economic or environmental harm or harm to human health.
Land acquisition refers to all methods of obtaining land for Project purposes, which may include outright purchase, expropriation of property and acquisition of access rights, such as easements or rights of way, and changes in land use rights. Land acquisition may also include: (a) acquisition of unoccupied or unutilized land whether or not the landholder relies upon such land for income or livelihood purposes; and (b) repossession of public land that is used or occupied by individuals or households. “Land” includes anything growing on or permanently affixed to land, such as crops, buildings and other improvements.
Livelihood refers to the full range of means that individuals, families, and communities utilize to make a living, such as wage-based income, agriculture, fishing, foraging, other natural resource-based livelihoods, petty trade, and bartering.
Mitigation hierarchy is a stepwise approach to addressing risks and impacts as follows: (a) anticipate and avoid risks and impacts; (b) where avoidance is not possible, minimize or reduce risks and impacts to acceptable levels; (c) once risks and impacts have been minimized or reduced, mitigate; and (d) where residual risks or impacts remain, compensate for or offset them, where technically and financially feasible.
Natural habitats are areas composed of viable assemblages of plant and/or animal species of largely native origin, and/or where human activity has not essentially modified an area’s primary ecological functions and species composition.
Pollution prevention includes measures designed to avoid or minimize emissions of pollutants, including short- and long-lived climate pollutants, given that measures which tend to encourage reduction in energy and raw material use, as well as emissions of local pollutants, also generally result in encouraging a reduction of emissions of short- and long- lived climate pollutants.
Pollution refers to both hazardous and non-hazardous chemical pollutants in the solid, liquid, or gaseous phases, and includes other components such as thermal discharge to water, emissions of short- and long-lived climate pollutants, nuisance odors, noise, vibration, radiation, electromagnetic energy, and the creation of potential visual impacts including light.
Precautionary approach means that where there are threats of serious or irreversible environmental damage, lack of full scientific certainty should not be used as a reason for postponing measures to prevent environmental degradation.
Project area of influence includes the area likely to be affected by the Project, including all its ancillary aspects, such as power transmission corridors, pipelines, canals, tunnels, relocation and access roads, borrow and disposal areas, and construction camps, as well as unplanned developments induced by the Project (e.g., spontaneous settlement, logging, or shifting agriculture along access roads). The area of influence may include, for example, (a) the watershed within which the Project is located; (b) any affected estuary and coastal zone; (c) off-site areas required for resettlement or compensatory tracts; (d) the airshed (e.g., where airborne pollution such as smoke or dust may enter or leave the area of influence; (e) migratory routes of humans, wildlife, or fish, particularly where they relate to public health, economic activities, or environmental conservation; and (f) areas used for livelihood activities (hunting, fishing, grazing, gathering, agriculture, etc.) or religious or ceremonial purposes of a customary nature.
Project workers include persons engaged directly by the Client (whether full-time, part- time, temporary, seasonal or migrant), to work specifically on the Project; contractors engaged by the Client to work on the Project and subcontractors hired by these contractors to work on the Project. The term does not apply to any other workers of the Client or other entities.
Regional environmental and social assessment is an instrument that examines environmental issues and impacts associated with a particular strategy, policy, plan, or program, or with a series of Projects for a particular region (e.g., an urban area, a watershed, or a coastal zone); evaluates and compares the impacts against those of alternative options; assesses legal and institutional aspects relevant to the issues and impacts; and recommends broad measures to strengthen environmental management in the region. Regional assessment pays particular attention to potential cumulative impacts of multiple activities.
Replacement cost is defined as a method of valuation yielding compensation sufficient to replace assets, plus necessary transaction costs associated with asset replacement. Where functioning markets exist, replacement cost is the market value as established through independent and competent real estate valuation, plus transaction costs. Where functioning markets do not exist, replacement cost may be determined through alternative means, such as calculation of output value for land or productive assets, or the undepreciated value of replacement material and labor for construction of structures or other fixed assets, plus transaction costs. In all instances where physical displacement results in loss of shelter, replacement cost must at least be sufficient to enable purchase or construction of housing that meets acceptable minimum community standards of quality and safety. The valuation method for determining replacement cost should be documented and included in relevant resettlement planning documents. Transaction costs include administrative charges, registration or title fees, reasonable moving expenses, and any similar costs imposed on affected persons. To ensure compensation at replacement cost, planned compensation rates may require updating in Project areas where inflation is high or the period of time between calculation of compensation rates and delivery of compensation is extensive.
Restrictions on land use refers to limitations or prohibitions on the use of agricultural, residential, commercial or other land that are directly introduced and put into effect as part of the implementation of the Project. These may include restrictions on access to legally designated parks and protected areas, restrictions on access to other common property resources, restrictions on land use within utility easements or safety zones.
Risk assessment is an instrument for estimating the probability of harm occurring from the presence of dangerous conditions or materials at a Project site. Risk represents the likelihood and significance of a potential hazard being realized; therefore, a hazard assessment often precedes a risk assessment, or the two are conducted as one exercise. Risk assessment is a flexible method of analysis, a systematic approach to organizing and analyzing scientific information about potentially hazardous activities or about substances that might pose risks under specified conditions.
Sectoral environmental and social assessment is an instrument that examines environmental issues and impacts associated with a particular strategy, policy, plan, or program, or with a series of Projects for a specific sector (e.g., power, transport, or agriculture); evaluates and compares the impacts against those of alternative options; assesses legal and institutional aspects relevant to the issues and impacts; and recommends broad measures to strengthen environmental and social management in the sector. Sectoral assessment pays particular attention to potential cumulative impacts of multiple activities.
Security of tenure means that resettled individuals or communities are resettled to a site that they can legally occupy, where they are protected from the risk of eviction and where the tenure rights provided to them are socially and culturally appropriate.
Strategic environmental and social assessment is an instrument that describes analytical and participatory approaches that aim to integrate environmental and social considerations into policies, plans and programs and evaluate their inter-linkages with economic considerations. The term "Strategic Environmental Assessment" or "SEA" may also be used.
Technical feasibility is based on whether the proposed measures and actions can be implemented with commercially available skills, equipment, and materials, taking into consideration prevailing local factors such as climate, geography, demography, infrastructure, security, governance, capacity, and operational reliability.
Vulnerable groups or individuals refers to people who, by virtue of factors beyond their control, (a) may be more likely to be adversely affected by the Project’s environmental and social impacts; and (b) may be more limited than others in their ability to claim or take advantage of Project benefits. Such an individual or group is also more likely to be excluded from or unable to participate fully in the mainstream consultation process and may require specific measures or assistance (or both) to do so.
{*i* Forced labor means any work or service not voluntarily performed that is exacted from an individual under threat of force or penalty (including any kind of forced or compulsory labor, such as indentured labor, bonded labor or similar labor-contracting arrangements, or labor by trafficked persons).}
{*ii* For purposes of this List, harmful or exploitative forms of child labor means the employment of children under the age of 18 for work which by its nature or the circumstances in which it is carried out is likely to jeopardize their health, safety or morals; but if the laws or regulations of the country in which the Project is located provide, in conformity with the International Labour Organization’s Minimum Age Convention, 1973, that children at least 16 years of age may be employed for such work on condition that their health, safety and morals are fully protected and that they have received adequate specific instruction or vocational training in the relevant branch of activity, then child labor means employment of children for work that does not comply with these laws and regulations.}
{*iii* PCBs: Polychlorinated biphenyls are a group of highly toxic chemicals. PCBs are likely to be found in oil-filled electrical transformers, capacitors and switchgear dating from 1950 to 1985.}
{*iv* United Nations Consolidated List of Products whose Consumption and/or Sale have been Banned, Withdrawn, Severely Restricted or not Approved by Governments; Convention on the Prior Informed Consent Procedures for Certain Hazardous Chemicals and Pesticides in International Trade (Rotterdam Convention); Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants; World Health Organization Recommended Classification of Pesticides by Hazard. A list of pharmaceutical products subject to phase outs or bans is available at http://www.who.int. A list of pesticides, herbicides and other hazardous substances subject to phase outs or bans is available at http://www.pic.int.}
{*v* Ozone Depleting Substances (ODSs): Chemical compounds which react with and deplete stratospheric ozone, resulting in the widely publicized “ozone holes.” The Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer lists ODSs and their target reduction and phase out dates. A list of the chemical compounds regulated by the Montreal Protocol, which includes aerosols, refrigerants, foam blowing agents, solvents and fire protection agents, together with details of signatory countries and phase out target dates, is available from the United Nations Environment Programme, http://www.unep.org/ozone/montreal.shtml.}
{*vi* The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). A list of CITES listed species is available from the CITES secretariat, http://www.cites.org.}
{*vii* Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal, see http://www.basel.int.}
{*viii* This does not apply to Clients who are not substantially involved in these activities. Not substantially involved means that the activity concerned is ancillary to the entity’s primary operations. ix This does not apply to Clients who are not substantially involved in these activities. Not substantially involved means that the activity concerned is ancillary to the entity’s primary operations. x This does not apply to Clients who are not substantially involved in these activities. Not substantially involved means that the activity concerned is ancillary to the entity’s primary operations. xi This does not apply to the purchase and use of bonded asbestos cement sheeting where the asbestos content is less than 20 percent.}
{*xii* Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (Bonn Convention) - http://www.cms.int/; Convention on Wetlands of International Importance, especially as Waterfowl Habitat (Ramsar Convention) - http://www.ramsar.org/; Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage - http://whc.unesco.org/en/conventiontext/; Convention on Biological Diversity - https://www.cbd.int/.}
{*xiii* Non-compliance with International Maritime Organisation (IMO) requirements: tankers that do not have all required International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL), International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS) certificates (including, without limitation, International Safety Management Code compliance), tankers banned by the Paris Memorandum of Understanding on Port State Control (Paris MOU), and tankers due for phase out under MARPOL regulation 13G. No single hull tanker over 25 years old should be used.http://www.imo.org/About/Conventions/ListOfConventions/Pages/International-Convention-for-the- Prevention-of-Pollution-from-Ships-%28MARPOL%29.aspx.}