[Title] Japan-India Joint Declaration on Economic Security Cooperation

1. Japan and India reaffirm their shared commitment to the salience of economic security as one of the foundational pillars of the Japan- India Special Strategic and Global Partnership. Our economic security partnership is underpinned by mutual trust, shared values and aligned interests and is a recognition that prosperity, security and economic futures of the two sides are deeply intertwined.

2. This declaration is a recognition that the synergy between the updated Free and Open Indo-Pacific and the Mutual and Holistic Advancement for Security and Growth across Regions (MAHASAGAR) initiative provides both sides with the required impetus to furthering economic security cooperation.

3. This declaration seeks to elevate our economic security partnership to a new level by providing strategic and practical guidance in a manner that strengthens, accelerates and reinforces Japan-India economic security partnership based on strategic autonomy and indispensability.

4. Both sides reiterate their grave concerns over the use of economic coercion and non-market policies and practices (NMPPs), including arbitrary export restrictions that may lead to supply chain disruptions, particularly on critical minerals, and critical industrial sectors, and price manipulation. They concur on the importance of maintaining a fair competitive global environment and establishing and safeguarding a resilient and reliable supply chain among like-minded partners to promote collective resilience.

5. Going forward, both sides reaffirm their commitment to promote project-based collaboration and public private partnerships in the five identified key sectors which include semiconductors, critical minerals, information and communication technology, clean energy and pharmaceuticals.

Institutionalization of Economic Security Cooperation

6. Both sides express satisfaction at the deeper institutionalization of the economic security cooperation between Japan and India through the holding of the second round of Economic Security Dialogue co- chaired at Secretary/Vice-Minister level (GtoG) as well as the inaugural Private-Sector Dialogue on Economic Security (BtoB) held in collabora- tion with Keidanren and the Confederation of Indian Industry, which have enabled exchange of information and perspectives on legislation, investment screening tools and evolving policy issues related to eco- nomic security. They will continue to coordinate with each other on eco- nomic security related contingencies, including supply chain disrup- tions caused by economic coercion as well as the rise of geopolitical ten- sions that may impact the economies and the people of Japan and India.

7. Towards this end, existing mechanisms would be strengthened and functional dialogues for advancing concrete cooperation leveraged. Both sides will work together towards establishing a Track 1.5 Dialogue between the government, industry and domain experts. A follow-up mechanism by nominating the Points of Contact to promote the cooperation on the shared list of ongoing projects would be operational- ized.

Bilateral Cooperation in Five Key Sectors

Semiconductors:

8. Building on the India Semiconductor Mission, which has resulted in technology partnerships between Japanese and Indian Companies, both sides will

- strengthen and diversify supply chains in the manufacturing of semiconductors;

- deepen cooperation in human resource development, manufacturing, R&D and design;

- collaborate on providing technical assistance to India for upskilling master trainers in the semiconductor manufacturing sector;

- welcome greater participation of Japanese companies in India's semiconductor ecosystem including under the India Semiconductor Mission 2.0 / SEZs.

Critical Minerals:

9. With a view to maintaining stable and predictable supply of critical minerals and to ensure stable production of industrial goods, both sides will

- promote technical cooperation and information exchanges between Geological Survey of India and JOGMEC in the field of mineral exploration;

- establish an ecosystem by facilitating the collection and recycling of e-waste to enhance the recovery of critical minerals across relevant supply chains.

Information and Communication Technology (ICT):

10. With a view to supporting the security, reliability, and resilience of digital infrastructure, which forms the foundation of ICT and AI, both sides will

- facilitate greater business engagement towards co-development for 5G advanced technologies, All-Photonics Network (APN), data centres, intelligent transportations systems, submarine cables and 5G Open RAN products and solutions as well as standards for advanced technologies beyond 5G and 6G;

- promote research and innovation, industry-academia collaboration, human resource development and exchange, including through deepening engagement between Bharat 6G Alliance and Japanese entities;

- promote safe, secure, and trustworthy AI by fostering diversified, resilient, and trusted supply chains. Both sides, through the AI Strategic Dialogue and Economic Security Dialogue led by the Foreign Ministries, will

-- facilitate mobilization of shared compute resources;

-- promote the development of cutting-edge foundational models (including LLMs);

-- support the exchange and cooperation of AI human resources and companies, including capacity building;

-- collaborate on model evaluation, benchmarking and risk-testing, and operationalization of shared safety tools, frameworks and best practices, building on our collaboration at the India AI Impact Summit and the Hiroshima AI Process;

-- advance international collaboration on AI governance;

-- raise awareness of and take measures to address economic security risks, including supply chain dependencies, in AI technology stack.

Clean Energy:

11. Building on the Japan-India Clean Energy Partnership, both sides will continue to

- promote joint research, investment and implementation of projects in clean hydrogen and ammonia- a sector poised for remarkable growth;

- establish a landmark clean ammonia project of Japan-India cooperation in Odisha, with both governments' support for ensuring investment predictability and viability of the project;

- explore additional clean hydrogen and ammonia projects, including by promoting collaboration between private entities in both countries;

- expand business opportunities between the two countries in the area of batteries and battery supply chains, building on the MoC in the field of batteries;

- encourage tie-ups in solar PV modules, nuclear energy, and others;

- finalize the implementing documents of the Joint Crediting Mechanism under Article 6.2 of the Paris Agreement, and enhance bilateral cooperation in international carbon credit trading;

- promote the viability of self-sufficient energy sources, including biofuels;

- expand the availability and use of biogas in India through the Japan-India Cooperative Biogas for Growth Initiative (CBG Initiative);

- strengthen energy supply systems, diversify energy sources, and upgrade industry under regional initiatives such as POWERR Asia and India's own regional and international initiatives.

Pharmaceuticals:

12. Both sides will

- explore alternative supply chains in Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (APIs) and Key Starting Materials (KSMs);

- conduct a vulnerability analysis and mapping on each ingredient and each stage of supply chain to explore possibilities of mutual cooperation, including the stable supply of APIs and KSMs in both countries;

- promote research collaborations between relevant Indian and Japanese institutes in areas such as biopharmas and biosimilars.

Collaboration in Critical and Emerging Technologies

13. Both sides will

- promote opportunities between our governments including national scientific missions, private sector and academia on critical and emerging technologies including AI, data centres, quantum technologies, space science, supercomputing, advanced materials research and submarine cables;

- foster academic and scientific exchange, access to R&D infrastructure, particularly in STEM fields in order to create a thriving R&D ecosystem between both countries;

- facilitate two-way talent mobility between both countries to accelerate innovation and reduce technological dependence.

Enhancing Engagement in the Indo-Pacific Region

This Declaration seeks to advance economic security cooperation between Japan and India in alignment with broader multilateral and plurilateral efforts under G7, G20 and Quad. Both sides note the importance of Japan's Overseas Economic Security Arrangement under the updated Free and Open Indo-Pacific as well as India's own initiatives in the region including Africa, South Asia and South-east Asia which will continue to strengthen economic resilience in the Indo-Pacific region.